All of these emerging upstream traceability solutions seek to directly link products, at the unit level, back to their upstream origin, inputs, and ingredients.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n \n \n <\/picture>\n Melitta Coffee traces beans from farm to bag, sharing the farmer\u2019s story with consumers. The solution is powered by SAP Material Traceability and Scantrust<\/figcaption>\n <\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n\n
\n Downstream product traceability data: “Where your product has gone”\n <\/h3>\n\n\nUnlike upstream data, downstream traceability data comes from the point of production and onward in the supply chain. It’s generated by the producer or manufacturer of the product, distributors, and the customer through scanning the product packaging or product or part itself. Common downstream traceability data includes:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n
Unit (product) & production data<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\nUnique unit-level identifier (based on serialization)<\/li>\n Batch or lot<\/li>\n Expiration<\/li>\n Manufacturing location \/ production line<\/li>\n Product SKU \/ Material number<\/li>\n Production date<\/li>\n Extended production information\n\nProduct SKU<\/li>\n Quality assurance certifications<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\nLogistics & shipment data<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\nIntended market (city, country)<\/li>\n Customer name<\/li>\n Shipping date<\/li>\n Sales Order<\/li>\n Case, pallet<\/li>\n Import date<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\nChannel partner, distributor, dealer, wholesaler, point-of-sale<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\nGoods receiving date<\/li>\n Time, date, location (city, country)<\/li>\n Inspection data<\/li>\n Delivery location\/ intended location (city, country)<\/li>\n Outlet name (for traditional trade)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\nCustomer and consumer engagement data<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\nCity, country, latitude and longitude<\/li>\n Customer information<\/li>\n Marketing campaign participation<\/li>\n Product authenticity scan result<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n \n Location & GPS tracking data\n <\/h3>\n\n\nTechnically passive and active location data is associated with the product or logistical and shipment data mentioned above, but it\u2019s important enough to call out on its own here. There are two categories of location data:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n Passive or hop-based location tracking\n <\/h4>\n\n\nPrinted codes such as QR code or RFID\/ NFC tags, are placed on products or logistic units. When a device \u201cscans\u201d it at predetermined points in the supply chain, the location information is uploaded to a traceability system. Smartphones and tablets with mobile apps are increasingly being used for such scanning. Android-based handheld barcode scanning hardware with mobile apps connected to the brand’s traceability system are also used.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n
The traceability system only shows the last hop that a product or logistic unit was scanned at. This approach balances between usefulness of data and acceptable costs for most product categories. Scan-based solutions include using QR codes printed at low cost and RFIDs which, though still relatively expensive compared to printed codes, have come down significantly in recent years and are appearing more and more in supply chains for this use case.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n Real-time GPS or location tracking (a.k.a. active tracking)<\/strong><\/h4> \n <\/h4>\n\n\nThe product or logistic unit beams out its location regularly, for example, every hour, through a cellular or satellite data link. This is usually accomplished by placing a small computer or chip on the product or the logistic unit (container, palette, crate). These devices do not require a device or person to \u201cscan\u201d them for the data to be generated, hence the term \u201cactive tracking\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n
The units can cost up to and above US$100 and incur monthly global data fees. As such, they are more commonly used with high-value products, on higher-level logistic units, such as cargo containers, or on only a small portion of the supply chain under scrutiny. To make implementation cost effective, businesses can implement a unit-collection process after each trip.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n
Now that we know the kind of data we can get from product traceability, we will explore the technologies used for traceability in the next section.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n Key technologies and solutions needed for traceability\n <\/h2>\n\n\nProduct traceability technology can be broken down into two categories:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n
\nUnique identifier technology and the technical processes for applying them as codes and tags<\/li>\n Scanning technology, including inline vision systems and handheld scanning devices.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n \n What unique identifiers can be used on products for traceability? \n <\/h3>\n\n\nUnique identifiers or codes are the atomic unit of traceability. These codes or chips are printed on or applied directly on products or packaging.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n
Different technologies have different strengths, capabilities, and costs. The below table shows a summary of the most common identifier technology used for product traceability throughout the supply chain.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n
Table: Comparison of codes, tags, and chips for product traceability<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
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Text codes<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\n
\n \n \n <\/picture>\n <\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\n
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\n \n \n Cost<\/td>\n Low<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n \n Description<\/td>\n Printed, human-readable alphanumeric information.\n<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n \n Used for\t<\/td>\n Manually checking product information, compliance.\n<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n \n Pros<\/td>\n \u2013 Cheap to apply at scale.\n\u2013 Low barriers for printing.<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n \n Cons<\/td>\n Only useful for manual look up; provides no data unless scanned. Not scannable by end users.\n<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/section>\n\n \n\n\u00a01D Barcodes<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\n
\n \n \n <\/picture>\n <\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\n
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\n \n \n Cost<\/td>\n Low<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n \n Description<\/td>\n \t\u2013 Can store dozens of characters.\n\n<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n \n <\/td>\n \u2013 Many standards and sizes, including ones with global identifiers.\n\n<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n \n <\/td>\n \u2013 Can use GS1\/ GTIN or interoperable standards.<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n \n Used for\t<\/td>\n Product, box, crate, pallet, traceability.\n<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n \n Pros<\/td>\n \u2013 Many interoperable standards, such as GS1\/ GTIN<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n \n <\/td>\n \u2013 Scannable by a wide range of professional handheld scanning devices.<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n \n Cons<\/td>\n \u2013 Small distortions, dirt, or wear can destroy readability.<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n \n <\/td>\n \u2013 Often not recognizable between IT systems.<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n \n <\/td>\n \u2013 Can have a large footprint on packaging.<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n \n <\/td>\n \u2013 Need a specialized device or app to scan.<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n \n <\/td>\n \u2013 Not easily scannable by customers in-market.<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n \n <\/td>\n \u2013 Being sunset, replaced by QR codes.<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/section>\n\n \n\n\n
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Data Matrix<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\n
\n \n \n <\/picture>\n <\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n